Todiman_Raja_in_his_Durbar,_Pudukkottai,_1858
Kallar
Kallar (Tamil: கள்ளர்) is one of the three communities which constitute the Mukkalathor confederacy. European eyewitnesses of the 18th century have made mention of Kallars as "a fearless tribe show many signs of independence and non-submission to any form of subjugation". They were expert soldiers and constituted the bulk of Chola and Pandya armies. One of the principal weapons of the Kallars is the boomerang. This has evoked comparisons with the Australian aborigines and vouch for the theory that Kallars were one of the earliest people to inhabit the Indian subcontinent. The principal occupation of Kallars is farming. Kallars are found largely in Madurai, Sivagangai, Thanjavur, Trichy, Theni and Ramanathapuramdistricts of Tamil Nadu. One of their popular deities is Kallazhagar who is a warrior form of Lord Thirumala or Venkadavan. There are various sub-castes of Kallars amongst whom theAmbalakarar is the most important.They were a warklike people who strongly resisted every British attempt to subjugate them. They are found in Madurai and Sivaganga districts. In these districts, each village is headed by an Ambalakarar (president of an assembly) and the Ambalakarars took upon themselves the power to adjudicate disputes that arose among the inhabitants in the "nadu", belonging to different castes. They used to hear complaints, hold inquiries and punish the offenders. They wielded considerable powers to intervene in any kind of transaction or transfer of property among the people. No land could be alienated from one man to another without the permission of the Ambalakarars. Another important Kallar subcaste is the Piramalai Kallar. They are highly conservative and have preserved their customs and traditions to the present day. They are also believed to be the oldest inhabitants of the Tamil country with reports of their presence going back to Tamil literary works of the 4th century B.C. They are found mainly in the districts of Madurai and Theni. Their popular deity is Amman, the Mother Goddess. It is believed that the Maravar people, the Agamudayars, Thanjai Cholarkula Kalla Nattars, Pandiya Vellalars, Chola Vellalars, Chera Vellalar, Vellala Mudaliyars, Agamudaya Mudaliars,Conjeevaram Mudaliars and Udayars have all descended from Kallars.
courtesy: http://www.bookrags.com/wiki/Mukkulathor
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VILLAVAR AND BANAS
Pandya is the title of Villavar rulers as well as Banas. Bana kingdoms were present throughout India. Most of the India were ruled by Bana rulers. Throughout India numerous places called Banpur which were capitals of Banas exist. Banas were called as Banasura also.
Banas were the the Northern cousins of Villavar who ruled Kerala and Tamilnadu. In Karnataka and Andhra also was ruled by Banas.
VILLAVAR SUBGROUPS
1. Villavar
2. Malayar
3. Vanavar
The seagoing cousins of Villavar were called Meenavar
4. Meenavar
Pandyas emerged from all these subgroups in the ancient times. They also used the flag of the sub clans. For eg.
1. Pandyan from Villavar clan was called Sarangadwaja Pandyan. He carried a Bow-arrow flag.
2. Pandyan from Malayar clan was called Malayadwaja Pandyan. He carried a flag with Hill insignia.
3. Pandyan from Vanavar subclan carried a Bow-arrow or Tiger or Tree flag.
4. Pandyan from Meenavar clan carried a fish flag and called himself Meenavan.
In the laterdays all the Villavar clans merged to form Nadalvar clans. Ancient Meenavar clan also merged with Villavar and Nadalvar clans.
Laterdays Nagas who migrated from North became fishermen in south. They are not ethnically related to Villavar-Meenavar clans.
VILLAVAR TITLES
Villavar, Nadalvar, Nadar, Santar, Chanar, Shanar, Charnnavar, Chantrahar, Chandar Perumbanar, Panickar, Thiruppappu, Kavara (Kavurayar), Illam, Kiriyam, Kana, Mara Nadar, Nattathi, Pandiyakula Kshatriya, Nelamakkarar etc.
Ancient Pandyan dynasty was split into three kingdoms.
1. Chera dynasty.
2. Chola dynasty
3. Pandyan dynasty
All were supported by Villavars.
ORDER OF IMPORTANCE
1. Chera Kingdom
Villavar
Malaiyar
Vanavar
Iyakkar
2. Pandian Empire
Villavar
Meenavar
Vanavar
Malaiyar
3. Chola Empire
Vanavar
Villavar
Malaiyar
BANA AND MEENA
In the Northern India Villavar were known as Banas and Bhils. Meenavar were known as Meena or Matsya.
Early residents of Indus Valley and Gangetic plains were Bana and Meena clans.
King Virata who gave refuge to Pandavas for one year was a Matsya - Meena ruler.
Despite their Asura status Banas were invited to all Swayamvaras.
ASSAM BANA KINGDOM
A Bana kingdom called Asura Kingdom with capital at Sonitpur ruled Assam during ancient times. Throughout India Bana-Meena and Villavar-Meenavar kingdoms existed until the end of middle ages.
MAHABALI
Banas and Villavar considered King Mahabali as their ancestor. Numerous kings with Mahabali title ruled India. Villavars called their ancestor Mahabali as Maveli.
ONAM
Onam festival celebrates the return of king Mahabali who had ruled Kerala every year. The places Mavelikkara, Mahabalipuram both named after Mahabali.
MAVELI
One of the titles of Pandyas were Maveli. Pandyas rivals the Banas were also called Maveli Vanathi Rayar.
DANAVA DAITYA
Ancient Danavas and Daityas could be Bana subgroup of Indus Valley. The king of Daityas was called Mahabali. The first Dams in India were built by Banas on the Indus river four thousand years ago.
HIRANYAGARBHA CEREMONY
Both Villavars and Banas performed Hiranyagarbha ceremony. In Hiranyagarbha ceremony the Pandya king simulated to emerge from the golden womb of King Hiranya. Hiranya was the ancestor of Mahabali.
VILLAVAR AND BANAS
WAR AGAINST NAGAS
Kalithokai an ancient Tamil literature describes a great war fought between combined armies of Villavar Meenavar against Nagas. In that war Villavar Meenavar were defeated and Nagas occupied central India.
NAGA MIGRATION TO SOUTH
Various clans of Nagas migrated to south India and Srilanka especially to coastal areas.
1. Varunakulathor(Karave)
2. Guhankulathor (Maravar, Murguhar, Sinhalese)
3. Kurukalathor (Karaiyar)
4. Paradavar
5. Kalabhras (Kallar, Kalappalar, Vellalar)
6. Ahichatram Nagas (Nair)
These Nagas were the main enemies of Villavars. Nagas sided with Delhi Sultanate, Vijayanagara Naickars and Europeans colonial rulers and opposed Villavars, leading to Villavar downfall.
KARNATAKA'S BANA AND VILLAVAR ENMITY
Despite having common origins Karnataka's Banas and Villavar were enemies. Kerala was occupied by Banas from Alupas Pandyan Kingdom of Tulunadu (Banapperumal) in 1120 AD.
Balija Naickers occupied Tamilnadu in 1377 AD.
Chola Pandyan kingdoms of Villavar were occupied by Balija Naickars (Bana descendents of Mahabali, Banajigas) of Vijayanagara empire.
END OF VILLAVARS
The invasion of Malik Kafur in 1310 led to the defeat of Pandyan dynasty. Villavars were massacred and all the three Tamil kingdoms came to an end.
KARNATAKAS PANDYAN KINGDOMS
Karnataka had many Banappandyan kingdoms
1. Alupa Pandyan kingdom
2. Uchangi Pandyan Kingdom
3. Santara Pandyan kingdom
4. Nurumpada Pandyan kingdom.
Karnataka Pandyans used Kulasekhara title also.
ANDHRAPRADESH
Bana kingdoms of Andhra
1. Bana kingdom
2. Vijayanagara kingdom.
FLAGS OF BANAS
Early
1. Double Fish
2. Bow-Arrow
Late
1. Bull Crest
2. Monkey crest (Vanara dwaja)
3. Conch
4. Wheel
5. Eagle
Travancore Kings had Conch Insignia on their flag because they were Banas from Alupa dynasty Karnataka.
Sethupathis had Anumakkodi or Hanuman flag (Vanara Dwaja) because they were Vanathirayars from Kalinga.
வில்லவர் மற்றும் பாணர்
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பாண்டிய என்பது வில்லவர் மற்றும் பாண ஆட்சியாளர்களின பட்டமாகும். இந்தியா முழுவதும் பாணர்கள் அரசாண்டனர். இந்தியாவின் பெரும்பகுதி பாண ஆட்சியாளர்களால் ஆளப்பட்டது. இந்தியா முழுவதும் பாண்பூர் எனப்படும் ஏராளமான இடங்கள் உள்ளன. இவை பண்டைய பாணர்களின் தலைநகரங்கள் ஆகும். பாணர்கள் பாணாசுரா என்றும் அழைக்கப்பட்டனர்.
கேரளா மற்றும் தமிழ்நாட்டை ஆண்ட வில்லவரின் வடக்கு உறவினர்கள் பாணர்கள் ஆவர். கர்நாடகாவிலும் ஆந்திராவிலும் பாணர்கள் ஆண்டனர்.
வில்லவர் குலங்கள்
1. வில்லவர்
2. மலையர்
3. வானவர்
வில்லவரின் கடலோர உறவினர்கள் மீனவர் என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டனர்
4. மீனவர்
பண்டைய காலங்களில் இந்த அனைத்து துணைப்பிரிவுகளிலிருந்தும் பாண்டியர்கள் தோன்றினர். அவர்கள் துணை குலங்களின் கொடியையும் பயன்படுத்தினர். உதாரணத்திற்கு
1. வில்லவர் குலத்தைச் சேர்ந்த பாண்டியன் சாரங்கத்வஜ பாண்டியன் என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டார். அவர் ஒரு வில் மற்றும் அம்பு அடையாளமுள்ள கொடியை சுமந்தார்.
2. மலையர் குலத்தைச் சேர்ந்த பாண்டியன் மலையத்வஜ பாண்டியன் என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டார். அவர் மலை சின்னத்துடன் ஒரு கொடியை ஏந்தினார்.
3. வானவர் துணைப்பிரிவைச் சேர்ந்த பாண்டியன் ஒரு வில்-அம்பு அல்லது புலி அல்லது மரம் கொடியை ஏந்திச் சென்றார்.
4. மீனவர் குலத்தைச் சேர்ந்த பாண்டியன் ஒரு மீன் கொடியை ஏந்திச்சென்று தன்னை மீனவன் என்று அழைத்துக் கொண்டார்.
பிற்காலத்தில் அனைத்து வில்லவர் குலங்களும் ஒன்றிணைந்து நாடாள்வார் குலங்களை உருவாக்கின. பண்டைய மீனவர் குலமும் வில்லவர் மற்றும் நாடாள்வார் குலங்களுடன் இணைந்தது.
பிற்காலத்தில் வடக்கிலிருந்து குடிபெயர்ந்த நாகர்கள் தென் நாடுகளில் மீனவர்களாக மாறினர். அவர் வில்லவர்-மீனவர் குலங்களுடன் இனரீதியாக தொடர்புடையவர் அல்லர்.
வில்லவர் பட்டங்கள்
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வில்லவர், நாடாள்வார், நாடார், சான்றார், சாணார், சண்ணார், சார்ந்நவர், சான்றகர், சாண்டார் பெரும்பாணர், பணிக்கர், திருப்பார்ப்பு, கவரா (காவுராயர்), இல்லம், கிரியம், கண நாடார், மாற நாடார், நட்டாத்தி, பாண்டியகுல ஷத்திரியர் போன்றவை.
பண்டைய பாண்டிய ராஜ்யம் மூன்று ராஜ்யங்களாகப் பிரிக்கப்பட்டது.
1. சேர வம்சம்.
2. சோழ வம்சம்
3. பாண்டியன் வம்சம்
அனைத்து ராஜ்யங்களையும் வில்லவர்கள் ஆதரித்தனர்.
முக்கியத்துவத்தின் ஒழுங்கு
1. சேர இராச்சியம்
வில்லவர்
மலையர்
வானவர்
இயக்கர்
2. பாண்டியன் பேரரசு
வில்லவர்
மீனவர்
வானவர்
மலையர்
3. சோழப் பேரரசு
வானவர்
வில்லவர்
மலையர்
பாணா மற்றும் மீனா
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வட இந்தியாவில் வில்லவர் பாணா மற்றும் பில் என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டனர். மீனவர், மீனா அல்லது மத்ஸ்யா என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டனர். சிந்து சமவெளி மற்றும் கங்கை சமவெளிகளில் ஆரம்பத்தில் வசித்தவர்கள் பாணா மற்றும் மீனா குலங்கள் ஆவர்.
பாண்டவர்களுக்கு ஒரு வருட காலம் அடைக்கலம் கொடுத்த விராட மன்னர் ஒரு மத்ஸ்யா - மீனா ஆட்சியாளர் ஆவார்.
பாண மன்னர்களுக்கு அசுர அந்தஸ்து இருந்தபோதிலும் அவர்கள் அனைத்து சுயம்வரங்களுக்கும் அழைக்கப்பட்டனர்.
அசாம்
சோனித்பூரில் தலைநகருடன் அசுரா இராச்சியம் என்று அழைக்கப்பட்ட ஒரு பாண இராச்சியம் பண்டைய காலங்களில் அசாமை ஆட்சி செய்தது.
இந்தியா முழுவதும் பாணா-மீனா மற்றும் வில்லவர்-மீனவர் இராச்சியங்கள் கி.பி .1500 வரை, நடுக்காலம், முடிவடையும் வரை இருந்தன.
மஹாபலி
பாணர் மற்றும் வில்லவர் மன்னர் மகாபாலியை தங்கள் மூதாதையராக கருதினர். மகாபலி பட்டத்துடன் கூடிய ஏராளமான மன்னர்கள் இந்தியாவை ஆண்டனர்.
வில்லவர்கள் தங்கள் மூதாதையர் மகாபலியை மாவேலி என்று அழைத்தனர்.
ஓணம் பண்டிகை
ஓணம் பண்டிகை ஒவ்வொரு ஆண்டும் கேரளாவை ஆண்ட மகாபலி மன்னர் திரும்பி வரும் நாளில் கொண்டாடப்படுகிறது. மாவேலிக்கரை, மகாபலிபுரம் ஆகிய இரு இடங்களும் மகாபலியின் பெயரிடப்பட்டுள்ளன.
பாண்டியர்களின் பட்டங்களில் ஒன்று மாவேலி. பாண்டியர்களின் எதிராளிகளாகிய பாணர்களும் மாவேலி வாணாதி ராயர் என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டனர்.
சிநது சமவெளியில் தானவர் தைத்யர்(திதியர்)
பண்டைய தானவ (தனு=வில்) மற்றும் தைத்ய குலங்கள் சிந்து சமவெளியிலுள்ள பாணர்களின் துணைப்பிரிவுகளாக இருந்திருக்கலாம். தைத்யரின் மன்னர் மகாபலி என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டார்.
இந்தியாவில் முதல் அணைகள், ஏறத்தாழ நான்காயிரம் ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன்பு சிந்து நதியில் பாண குலத்தினரால் கட்டப்பட்டன.
ஹிரண்யகர்பா சடங்கு
வில்லவர்கள் மற்றும் பாணர் இருவரும் ஹிரண்யகர்பா விழாவை நிகழ்த்தினர். ஹிரண்யகர்பா சடங்கி்ல் பாண்டிய மன்னர் ஹிரண்ய மன்னரின் தங்க வயிற்றில் இருந்து வெளிவருவதை உருவகப்படுத்தினார்.
ஹிரண்யகசிபு மகாபலியின் மூதாதையர் ஆவார்.
வில்லவர் மற்றும் பாணர்
நாகர்களுக்கு எதிராக போர்
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கலித்தொகை என்ற ஒரு பண்டைய தமிழ் இலக்கியம் நாகர்களுக்கும் வில்லவர் -மீனவர்களின் ஒருங்கிணைந்த படைகளுக்கும் இடையே நடந்த ஒரு பெரிய போரை விவரிக்கிறது. அந்தப் போரில் வில்லவர்-மீனவர் தோற்கடிக்கப்பட்டு நாகர்கள் மத்திய இந்தியாவை ஆக்கிரமித்தனர்.
நாகர்களின் தெற்கு நோக்கி இடம்பெயர்வு
நாகர்களின் பல்வேறு குலங்கள் தென்னிந்தியா மற்றும் ஸ்ரீலங்காவுக்கு குறிப்பாக கடலோர பகுதிகளுக்கு குடிபெயர்ந்தனர்.
1. வருணகுலத்தோர் (கரவே)
2. குகன்குலத்தோர் (மறவர், முற்குகர், சிங்களர்)
3. கவுரவகுலத்தோர் (கரையர்)
4. பரதவர்
5. களப்பிரர்கள் (கள்ளர், களப்பாளர், வெள்ளாளர்)
6. அஹிச்சத்ரம் நாகர்கள்(நாயர்)
இந்த நாகர்கள் வில்லவர்களின் முக்கிய எதிரிகள் ஆவர். நாகர்கள் டெல்லி சுல்தானேட், விஜயநகர நாயக்கர்கள் மற்றும் ஐரோப்பியர்கள் காலனித்துவ ஆட்சியாளர்களுடன் கூடி பக்கபலமாக இருந்து வில்லவர்களை எதிர்த்தனர், இது வில்லவர் வீழ்ச்சிக்கு வழிவகுத்தது.
கர்நாடகாவின் பாணர்களின் பகை
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பொதுவான தோற்றம் இருந்தபோதிலும் கர்நாடகாவின் பாணர்கள் வில்லவர்களுக்கு எதிரிகளாயிருந்தனர்.
கி.பி 1120 இல் கேரளாவை துளுநாடு ஆளுப அரசு பாண்டியன் இராச்சியத்தைச் சேர்ந்த பாணப்பெருமாள் அராபியர்களின் உதவியுடன் ஆக்கிரமித்தார்.
கி.பி 1377 இல் பலிஜா நாயக்கர்கள் தமிழ்நாட்டை ஆக்கிரமித்தனர். வில்லவரின் சேர சோழ பாண்டியன் இராச்சியங்கள் விஜயநகர சாம்ராஜ்யத்தின் பலிஜா நாயக்கர்களால் (பாணாஜிகா, ஐந்நூற்றுவர் வளஞ்சியர் என்னும் மகாபலி பாணரின் சந்ததியினர்) அழிக்கப்பட்டன.
வில்லவர்களின் முடிவு
1310 இல் மாலிக் காபூரின் படையெடுப்பு பாண்டிய வம்சத்தின் தோல்விக்கு வழிவகுத்தது. வில்லவர்கள் படுகொலை செய்யப்பட்டனர், மேலும் மூன்று தமிழ் ராஜ்யங்களும் முடிவுக்கு வந்தன.
கர்நாடகாவின் பாண்டியன் ராஜ்யங்கள்
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கர்நாடகாவில் பல பாணப்பாண்டியன் ராஜ்யங்கள் இருந்தன
1. ஆலுபா பாண்டியன் இராச்சியம்
2. உச்சாங்கி பாண்டியன் இராச்சியம்
3. சான்றாரா பாண்டியன் இராச்சியம்
4. நூறும்பாடா பாண்டியன் இராச்சியம்.
கர்நாடக பாண்டியர்கள் குலசேகர பட்டத்தையும் பயன்படுத்தினர். நாடாவா, நாடாவரு, நாடோர், பில்லவா, சான்றாரா பட்டங்களையும் கொண்டவர்கள்.
ஆந்திரபிரதேச பாணர்கள்
ஆந்திராவின் பாண ராஜ்யங்கள்
1. பாண இராச்சியம்
2. விஜயநகர இராச்சியம்.
பலிஜா, வாணாதிராஜா, வாணாதிராயர், வன்னியர், கவரா, சமரகோலாகலன் என்பவை வடுக பாணர்களின் பட்டங்களாகும்.
பாண வம்சத்தின் கொடிகள்
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முற்காலம்
1. இரட்டை மீன்
2. வில்-அம்பு
பிற்காலம்
1. காளைக்கொடி
2. வானரக்கொடி
3. சங்கு
4. சக்கரம்
5. கழுகு
திருவிதாங்கூர் மன்னர்கள் சங்கு முத்திரையுடன் ஒரு கொடியைப் பயன்படுத்தினர். ஏனென்றால், அவர்கள் கர்நாடகாவின் துளுநாட்டில் ஆலுபா வம்சத்தைச் சேர்ந்தவர்கள். சேதுபதி அனுமன் சின்னத்துடன் ஒரு கொடியைப் பயன்படுத்தினார். அதற்கு காரணம் அவர் பாண - கலிங்க வாணாதிராயர் ஆவர்.
NAGA
Nagas were basically a north Indian people but ethnically different from Aryans. Nagas were a subordinate people of Aryans. Nagas, Aryans and Dravidians are three different races of India.
HINDI
Hindi is also known as Devanagari was the language of Deva(Aryan) and Naga people.
INDRA
Indra was the king of Devas was elected mostly from Aryan people. But some Nagas were also elected as King of Devanagari people. Nahusha was a prihistorical Naga king who attained Indra status.
NAHUSHA
Nahusha was elected as a Indra as the reigning Indra was removed by a curse. Nahusha ruled from Pratishthana, modern Paithan in Aurangabad district, Maharashtra. This may correspond to the period of occupation of central india by Nagas as told in Kalithokai. Son of Nahusha was Yayati. Sons of Yayati were Puru, ancestor of the Pandavas and Kauravas and Yadu, ancestor of Yadavas. Yadus had a tribal union with the Turvasha tribe, and were frequently described together. Thus Pandavas Kauravas and Yadhava might descend from Naga king Nahusha.
DESCENDENTS OF INDRA
The Naga migrants from Gangetic river area to South India also claim descendency from Indra and Ahalya.
Nahusha → Yayati
Yayati → Puru dynasty
Puru dynasty → Kuru dynasty + Yadava dynasty
kuru dynasty → Kauravas+ Bharatha dynasty
DESCENDENTS OF KAURAVA
It is customary for the Naga migrants to south India and Srilanka to claim as descendants of Kaurava or Kurukula or Bharathakula. Karaiyar, Konda Karavas and other fishernen communities claim that they are descendents of Kauravas.. In India these Nagas pretend to be Tamils but in Sinhalese territories they always identify themselves as descendents of Kaurava or Bharatha.
WAR AGAINST NAGAS
Kalithokai an ancient Tamil literature describes a great war fought between combined armies of Dravidian Villavar Meenavar against Nagas. In that war Villavar Meenavar were defeated and Nagas occupied central India. This war could have happened at 700 BC. Nahusha ruled central India with Pratishthana at Mahararashtra as his Capital perhaps after this period.
NAGA MIGRANTS TO SOUTH INDIA
Various clans of Nagas migrated to south India and Srilanka especially to coastal areas.
1. Varunakulathor (Karave)
2. Guhankulathor (Maravar, Murguhar, Sinhalese)
3. Kauravas(Karave, Karaiyar)
4. Paradavar
5. Kalabhras(Kalappalar, Vellalar, Kallar)
6. Ahichatram Nagas (Nair)
NAGA
GUHAN DESCENDENTS
The Guhan descendents belonged to the clan of Guhan, the mythical boatman Guhan at the banks of Sarayu river, a tributary of Ganges river. Guhan helped Lord Shree Rama to cross the Ganges river. Lord Shriram invited the Guhan clan to Ayodhya and gave them positions.
WAR WITH RAVANA
The Guhan clans formed part of Ayodhyas army who accompanied Lord Shrirama to southern India. Along with Vanara (Vanar - Banar) from Kishkinda the Guhan clans fought against Ravana. Ravana belonged to Iyakkar clan who were closely associated with Dravidian people and spoke Tamil. Ravana's uncle Sage Agasthya wrote grammar for Tamil called Agathiyam. Ravana could have ruled in the sixth century BC.
Mahabharatha mentions a Singhala King from Srilanka participating in Kurukshetra war and Rajasuya Yagnam. Vibishana snd Maya Danava, father in law of Ravana also lived in the Mahabharatham period. In 543 AD Vijaya established Singhalese kingdom. Thus Vibishana and a Singhala king coexisted at Srilanka according to Mahabharatham, possibly in the sixth century BC.
MARAVAR
Mattakalappu Manmiyam says that Maravars had been fishermen at the Ganges river who were invited to Ayodhya by Lord Shriram and were given positions in Ayodhya. Mattakalappu Manmiyam also says that Ayodhya ancestry meant Maravar. Later Maravar became the companions of Lord Shriram and came to south india. Along with Vanaras Maravar invaded and defeated Ravana. Mattakalappu Manmiyam praises Maravar as destroyers of Arakkar dynasty. Maravar and Vanarar might have fought with Ravana in the sixth century BC.
வீரனென்னும் பரதிகுல யிரகுமுன்னாள்வேட்டை சென்றெங்கள் குலமெல்லிதன்னைமாரனென்றணைத்தீன்ற சவலையர்க்குவருஇரகு நாடனென நாமமிட்டுபூருவத்தி லயோத்தி யுரிமையீந்துபோன பின்னர் சிறிராமர் துணைவராகிதீரரென்னுமரக்கர்குலம் வேரறுத்தசிவ மறவர்குலம் நானும் வரிசைகேட்டேன்(மட்டகளப்பு மான்மியம்)
Mattakalappu Manmiyam says that after this war at Lanka many Nagas started migrating to Srilanka.
NAGA
INVASION OF SRILANKA BY MURGUHAR
Murguhar from Ayodhya invaded Srilanka.
இலங்கையின் வனப்பைக் கேள்வியுற்று வடஇந்தியாவிலே அயோத்தியினின்றும் முற்குகர் இலங்கைக்குப் படையெடுத்து வந்தனர்.
(மட்டக்களப்பு மான்மியம்)
THREE BRANCHES OF GUHAN
According to Mattakalappu Manmiyam the three branches of Guhan were Singar Vangar and Kalingar. The Nagas moved along the Ganges eastwards and founded or joined the kingdoms at Bengal and Kalinga.
The three ancient kingdoms of Guhan clans were
1. Singar- Sinhala country at Bengal
2. Vangar - Bengal
3. Kalingar - Orissa
From these countries the Nagas started settling at the east coast of Tamilnadu and Ramnad and Srilanka.
THREE SUBCLANS OF GUHAN CLAN
By the merger of the Nagas from three Guhan branches Singar, Vangar and Kalingar three clans of Nagas emerged.
These were
1. Sinhalese
2. Maravar
3. Murguhar(Mukkuvar)
These three clans were called the Murkulathor or Mukkulathor or Mukkulathavar or Murguhar in Srilanka according to Mattakalappu Manmiyam. Because of this close relationship with Sinhalese, at the Mattakalappu ruled by Kandy's Kalingan kings, Mukkuvar were appointed as the regional Governor of Mattakalappu area called Podi . Mukkuvar governors called Arumakutty Podi and Kandappodi were mentioned in the Mattakalappu Manmiyam written in 1600s.
Similarly Maravar were appointed as Vanniya, administrators of the Mattakalappu area. However in the northern Tamil area, Yazhpanam Maravar or Mukkuvar could not occupy high offices. Guhan clans the Sinhalese, Maravar and Mukkuvar could be the early Naga migrants who might have migrated after the invasion of Vijayabahu in 543 BC.
INDIAN MUKKULATHOR
At India Maravar have distanced themselves from Mukkuvar and have joined Kalabhras and Thuluva Vellala at the South arcot area.
NAGA
NAGA DYNASTIES IN NORTH INDIA
Nagas were considered equal to Aryans in the early period. Nagas had high status and could become Indra. Many Naga dynasties ruled northindia. Shishunaga dynasty (413 to 345 BC) and Nanda dynasty (345 to 322 BC) were the last Naga dynasties to rule Northern India. But in the laterdays they became an oppressed class in the northern India. Nagas were sold as slave warriors to southern kingdoms. Nagas adoption of Buddhism from sixth century onwards might have caused their degradation.
BUDDHIST NAGAS
Nagas were closely associated with the Ikshvaku dynasty. The last king of Ikshvaku dynasty Prasanajit who ruled Kashi converted to Buddhism and became a disciple of Lord Buddha. After this period the Nagas revolted against the Aryan practices and converted themselves to Buddhism.
ARYAN REACTION
Pushyamitra Sunga(185 BC to 149 BC) a Brahmin - General of Maurya empire murdered the last king of Maurya dynasty Brihadratha Maurya. Pushyamitra Sunga established the Sunga dynasty. Pushyamitra Sunga persecuted the Buddhists, most of them were Nagas. Pushyamitra Sunga burned Buddhist scriptures and demolished Monasteries After this period Nagas were degraded.
Brahmins converted the New foreign invaders such as Scythian and Huna invaders to Hinduism. In the later period Jat clans and Rajputs perhaps originated from the foreign invaders. Mohyal Brahmins from Iraq seem to be originally Turkish people but now accepted as Brahmins. Nagas were pushed to a lower stratum in the North India. The persecution of Nagas could be one reason why there was mass migration of Nagar to Southern India. An other reason was the Scythian-Saka invasion in 150 BC.
NAGARS OF PADMAVATI(170 AD to 350 AD)
Nagas of central India, which was a hindu dynasty, rose again after the end of Kushana rule. Nagas from Vidisha extended their rule to Mathura. They were contemporaries of Saka rulers. In the end they were subjugated by the Gupta empire.
NAGA
INDO-SCYTHIAN KINGDOM(150 BCE to 400 AD)
Indo-Scythian invasion and their occupation of Sind, Ganges and Narmatha river valleys might have caused a large exodus of Kalwar from the Chedi kingdom. Kalwar from Chedi Kingdom were known as Kalappirar in the south India. North Indian Kalwar surnames Kalar, Kallar, Kaliyapala and Kalal closely resemble that of Kalappirar titles Kalvar, Kaliyar, Kallar and Kalappalar.
CHEDI KINGDOM
Chedi kingdom was situated at Madyapradesh at the banks of Ken river. Kalwar might have been the inhabitants of Chedi Kingdom. Kalwar might have migrated to ancient orissa and then to Tamilnad where they were known as Kalappirar or Kalappalar.
Kalwar might be the same people who founded Kalachuri kingdoms at Mahishmati in the 6th century and at Tripuri in the 10th century AD. Kalachuri soldiers used a type of knife called Churi. Churi Knife was used in Tamilnadu after the invasion of Kalappirar.
KING KHARAVELA(105 BC)
King Kharavela who was from the Chedi dynasty ruled Kalinga country in the second century BC. Kharavela occupied the northern Tamilnadu around 105 BC. The Kharavelas commanders who occupied northern Tamilnadu were known as Velir or Vel Alar or Karalar. Since they came from Kalinga the Vellalar were known as Kalinga Kulam. Vellalar were early Kalappirar who were also Known as Kalappalar. Kalappalar were the aristocracy of Kalappirar. Vellala have Pillai and Mudaliar surnames.
KALWAR KOMAN PULLI
In the early Christian era a Kalabhra ruler called Mavan Pulli also known as Kalvar Koman ruled at Thirupathi.
KALABHRA INVASION
In the third century the Kalappirar or Kaliar or Kalvar established their rule after defeating all the three crowned kings of Thamilakam Next three hundred years Tamilakam went into a dark age. The Kalabhra capital was at the Nandi hills near Bangalore. The descendents of Kalappirar are Kalappalar-Vellalar and Kallar community of Tamilnadu.
KALLAR
Puvindra puranam and Kalla Kesari Purannam claim that Kallar descended from Indra and Ahalya. Historically Kallar were the descendents of Kalabhra invaders in the third century AD.
Kallar, Maravar, Agamudaiyar and Vellalars are closely related Naga tribes who migrated from Gangetic river area to Tamilnadu in the third Tamil Sangam Period(500 BC to 300 AD). They claim to descent from Indra and Ahalya, wife of Rishi Gautma.
INDRA KULAM
Indra had an illicit relationship with Rishi Gautama's wife Ahalya. Ahalia bore Indra three sons, who respectively took the names Kalla, Marava, and Ahambadya. claim to be descendants of Thevan or Indra.(Mr. F. S. Mullaly )
But according to Ramakien, the Thai Ramayana the children of Ahalya through Indra was Bali and through Surya was Sugriva.
'கள்ளர் மறவர் கனத்ததோர் அகமுடையர் மெல்ல மெல்ல வெள்ளாளர் ஆனார்'
is an old saying.
kallar, Maravar and Ahambadiyar slowly became Vellalars. Thus Vellalar, Kallar, Maravar and Agambadiyar all belong to Indra Kulam.
This is the reason why in Kallar marriages the bridegroom has to confirn that he belongs to Indra kulam, Thalavala nadu, and Ahalya gotra. Ala means Naga. Thalavala nadu may mean Head of Naga country. Kallars practised Polyandry, a Naga custom.
KARAIYAR
Mattakalappu Mahanmiyam says that Karaiyar were impressed by the prosperity of Srilanka and started migrating to Srilanka. Karaiyar claim descendency from Kauvarava and Bharatha. Karaiyar might have migrated to Srilanka in the early third Sangam period around 300 BC.
NAGA
NAGAS IN SANGAM LITERATURE
Sangam Literature mentioned Maravar, Eyinar, Aruvalar, Oliar, Oviar, Paradavar were the ancient Naga migrants to Tamilnadu.
PARADAVAR
Paradavar call themselves Parvatha Rajakulam and also Bharathakula Kshatriyar. Parvatha clan was one of the Vedic clans at the Gangetic area. Parvatha clan was mentioned by Mahabharatha who were residing at the Northwest and also at the Gangetic areas in the sixth century BC. Paratarajas was an Iranian dynasty ruling over Baloochistan between first to third century AD. At Baloochistan a northern Dravidian language called Brahui is still spoken. Paradavar might have been displaced from their homeland at the first century AD. In the same period they appeared at the Sangam age Tamilnadu. Paradavar revolted against the Pandiyan rulers who were successful in defeating and suppressing them. Nedunjeliyan II at 210 AD defeated the Paradavar who refused to pay tax.
THE ORIGINAL INHABITANTS OF SRILANKA
The people indigenous to Srilanka were Iyakkar. Iyakkar were a minor race of people who were ethnically different from Dravidian Villavar. But they intermixed with Asura-Dravidian people and they spoke Tamil. Other occupants of Srilanka were Dravidians-Asura people. The island was under the influence and control of Villavar dynasties ie Chera Chola Pandiyan dynasties. Agasthya Muni used to stay at the Agasthya malai in Tamilnadu. Sage Agasthya was the uncle of Iyakkar king Ravana.
A place called Komari exists at the south eastern Srilanka. A place called Madura exists at south central area from where a river called Madura oya(river) starts flowing. The places Komari and Madura could be related to the kumarikkandam the continent destroyed by deluge. The largest river in Srilanka was called Mahaweli Ganga. Mahabali was the ancestor of Villavar and Bana people of India. But when the Gangetic Nagas arrived they have added Ganga to it.
Srilankas old name itself was Thambapani, which was a variant of the name of Thamraparni river in Tamilnadu. The Iyakkar capital was at Thambapani when the Sinhalese prince Singabahu invaded the Srilanka in 543 BC. Srilanka was also called Serendib, a variation of Cherandeevu which was an indication of Chera king's sovergnity in Srilanka in the prehistorical era. Serendib is even now the official name of Srilanka. Prior to first Sinhala king Vijaya Bahu's arrival in 543 BC, many Nagas had been inhabiting Srilanka along with Iyakkar.
NAGA DWEEP
In the third Tamil Sangam period itself Srilanka was called Naga Nadu or Naga Theevu. The early Nagas often joined hands with the Iyakkar against the Sinhalese. Srilanka is a country of Buddhist Nagas, who have their origin at Gangetic river basin.
RISE OF BUDDHISM
Many of the Nagas who migrated to Srilanka could have been Buddhists already. When Ashokas sons Mahendra and Sangamitra arrived at Srilanka in during the reign of King Devanampiya Tissa (250 BC to 210 BC) who ruled from Anuradhapura at 250 BC most of the Srilankans were converted to Buddhism.
IYAKKAR NAGA WARS
The indigenous Iyakkar people were eventually defeated and suppressed. The Iyakkar clan fishermen called Thimilar were also defeated. But finally Thimilar were massacred with the help of Pattanis from Afghanistan in the 12fth century AD.
IYAKKAR MIGRATION TO KERALA
Many Iyakkar migrated to Kerala in the ancient times. Ezha Iyakkar became a supporting clan of Chera dynasty founded by Villavar clans. Iyakkar-Yakkar lords ruled over Kakkanad, Kumaranellur and Punalur areas. Ezha Iyakkar inscriptions are found at Kakkanad temple in the Ernakulam district.
NAGA
THE AHICHATRAM NAGAS(345 AD)
In the Kadamba country in Karnataka a Brahmin called Mayurasharma Became a king and changed his name to Mayura Varma. Mayuravarma to strengthen himself brought Aryan Brahmins and Naga slave warriors from Ahichatram which was the ancient capital of Uttarapanchala country at 345 AD. These Naga slave warriors were known as Buntaru (bonded slaves).
These Nagas could be related to Newar people of Nepal. Laterday Nair architecture closely resembled Newar architecture. Newars practised Matriarchy earlier. Mayuravarma settled them at the coastal Karnataka. These Nagas mixed with the local Bana clans known as Banta(of Bana). Eventually both were called Bunts. Bunts, including Nairs had served Alupa kingdom at Mangalore.
GANGAR AND KONGAR
Gangetic area agriculturists called Gangar or Kongar(Gauda Gaundar) migrated to south india around second century AD. Gauda is an alternative name for Ganges. In Tamilnadu they were known as Kongu. Cilappatikaram mentioned that Cheran Cenkuttuvan defeated Kongu people in the second century AD. In 350 AD western Ganga kingdom was established at Karnataka after the southern invasion of Samudra Gupta.
During the rule of Western Ganga king Avinita(469 AD to 529 AD) Kongu was brought under Ganga dynasty and the Kongu Vellalar settled down at Kongu in the sixth century AD. Chera dynasty after losing Kongu territory shifted their capital from Karur to Kodungaloor. Kongu Vellalars are ethnically related to Gaudas of Karnataka, Gangadikara Vokkaliga. They are also related to Lingayaths of Karnataka by religeon hence they are also called as Lingaya Gaunders. They are not ethnically related to Vellalar and other Nagas. Kongu Vellalar had been the enemies of Villavar of Chera dynasty.
NAGPUR
Nagpur is considered a centre of Nagas. But in North India Nagars were forced to remain in a lower stratumUnlike their oppressed Naga counterparts in the Northern India, the Nagas in Kerala and Tamilnadu by allying with the Arabs and Delhi Sultanate had elevated themselves to a higher stratum but destroyed the local Dravidian Villavar culture.
NAGA
THE RISE OF NAGAS
Until 12th century the Ahichatram Nagas of Tulunadu, the Nairs were serving their Tulu Kings subserviently. Similarly the Gangetic Nagas of Tamilnadu Vellalar, Kallar, Maravar and Agambadiyar were serving the Chola and Pandyan kingdoms subserviently.
But the Arrival of Arabs and Turks in the 12th century transformed Nagas considerably. In the North India many with Naga roots joined the armies of Turkish sultanate.
TULU INVASION
In 1102 AD Kerala's hindu Villavar kings faced threat from a Tulu Buddhist prince called Banapperumal. Banapperumal had been supported by Arabs who wanted to establish a sea base, port and a settlement in Kerala. Facing imminent Tulu invasion the Chera dynasty ruling at Kodungaloor shifted its capital to Kollam at 1102 AD. At 1120 AD Banapperumal brother of King Kavi Alupendra of alupa dynasty invaded Kerala with 350000 strong Nair army. In fact it was a mass migration of Nairs from Tulunadu to Kerala.
Banapperumal invaded Malabar, and occupied Northern Kerala without war.
Chera dynasty perhaps did not want to go to war with Arabs who had a powerful navy and their companions the Tulu-Nepalese Nagas.
Banapperumal established his capital at Valarpattinam near Kannur. After that He ruled from Kodungaloor which had been abandoned by the Chera dynasty in 1102 AD.
Banapperumal and some of his nephews embraced Islam religeon. Many Nairs converted to Islam religeon and a Matriarchal muslim community was established at Malabar. Banapperumal left for Arabia in 1156 AD after dividing Malabar and giving to his son Udayavarman Kolathiri and his three nephews born to his sister Sridevi. Thus a large Nair population had entered Kerala in the twelfth century with Arab support. Arabs continued to protect them until sixteenth century.
NAIRS
Nairs were Ahichatram Nagas, who practised many Naga customs like Matriarchy and Polyandry. Nairs had numerous snake temples called Sarpakavus, where they worshipped live snake.
Nairs were related to Bunt community of Tulunadu but not ethnically related to other Malayalis. At kerala they intermixed with Tamil clans such as Vellalar and Panickar.
Nair lords were called Madambi (Mada + Nambi), because of their place of origin Ahichatra Madasthana (high place) at Himalaya.
NAGA
MALIK KAFUR'S INVASION IN 1310 AD
In 1310 AD, Delhi's armies with its two lakh soldiers led by Malik Kafur attacked Panddyan Kingdom. Around Thiruchengodu places called Chanara Palayam and Panickar Palayam exist where the Pandyan armies were once stationed. Pandyan kingdom which had only an army with Fifty thousand and was defeated. In the following period Delhis armies hunted down Villavars. Many Villavars found refuge in the western Ghats others went to Srilanka.
NAGAS COLLUSION WITH DELHI SULTANATE
Many Nagas with Kalappirar lineage converted to islam religeon in that period. By this Vellalar, Kallar and Maravars were enabled to occupy the Chola clan and Pandyan clan lands.
After the defeat of Pandyan dynasty in 1310 AD by Malik Kafur, Nagas were elevated to a higher position. Eventthough they were Sudras, Nagas were elevated high above the indigenous Villavar clans. Till then Kerala and Tamilnadu had been ruled by Villavar clans. The reason for this is, bulk of the Nagas had allied with the invaders from Delhi and many nagas had embraced Islam religeon. Many Kallars were reconverted to hinduismட again after the establishment of Vijayanagara Naicker rulein 1377 AD but kallars retained some islamic customs such as circumcision.
MADURAI SULTANATE (1335 AD to 1377 AD)
When Madurai sultanate was founded in 1335 Kerala was given to Tulu Samantha-Nambuthiri dynasties. This empowered Nairs throughout Kerala again without war. Thus Nairs established their authority all over Kerala by becoming allies of Arabs, Delhi Sultanate and Madurai sultanate, without fighting any war.
At Tamilnadu Kallars and Vellalars joined the Madurai sultanate as allies and many embraced Islam religeon. The Kallar, Maravar, Ahambadiyar and Vellalar occupied Villavar lands in that period.
PARASHURAMA
Nambuthiris claimed that Parashurama created Kerala out of the sea by throwing his axe and gave it to them. In the earlier Tamil Chera dynasty period Parashurama was never mentioned in books or inscriptions. This is a ploy of Nambuthiries to claim the Dravidian lands of Villavar people. Parasurama who lived in Treta Yuga 2,163,102 BC to 867,102 BC never ventured south of Haihaya kingdom or Narmata river. In reality Kerala was given to Nambuthiris by Malik Kafur only. Arabs brought Tulu-Nepalese Brahmins inside Kerala in 1120 AD. Malik Kafur in 1310 AD after defeating Pandyan dynasty gave Kerala to the rule of Tulu-Nepalese dynasties of Namputhiris and Samanthas. This in turn led to thகe dominance of Ahichatram Nagas in Kerala.
FOUR TULU-NEPALESE KINGDOMS (1335)
Four Tulu Samantha kingdoms were established in them Nambuthiris had the right for sambandam with princesses. Thus these dynasties was Tulu Samantha+Nambuthiri dynasties.
1. Kolathiri dynasty
2. Samuthiri dynasty
3. Kochi dynasty
4. Attingal rani dynasty
SMALL NAIR KINGDOMS
Valluvanadu, Palakkadu and Thekkumkur kings were Nairs.
VALLUVA KONATHIRI
Valluvakonathiri moopil Nair was the king of Valluvanad. On each 12 years during the Mamangam festival Valluvanad Nairs attempted to Kill Samuthiri at the Utsavaparambu near Pattambi.
THAROOR SWAROOPAM
Tharoor swaroopam was the Palakkad kingdom ruled over by Nair kings called Sekhari Varmas. Prior to 1335 AD they were at Athavanad in Ponnani Thaluk of Malappuram district.
NAGA
OCCUPATION OF CHERA TEMPLES(1335 AD)
The Chera temples were occupied by Nagas in 1335 AD. Immediate response was the Villarvattom king and his Panickers converted to Christianity after 1339 AD which provoked an attack from Samudiri and Arabs on Chendanangalam in 1340 AD. Half of Villavars went to Srilanka and adopted Buddhism. Nearly 45 percent of remaining Hindus converted to other religions. The Dravidian Hinduism including Kannagi worship came to an end. A Nepalese style of Hinduism including alive Naga worship came into existence in Kerala.
EXODUS OF VILLAVARS(1350 AD)
The Delhis army continued to massacre the Villavars. Villavars took refuge in the western Ghats. Chanar Malai near Chenkotah was a jungle refuge used by Villavars for the next two hundred years. Many Villavar Panickars from Kerala went to Srilanka. Between 1350 to 1600 AD, Panicker armies of Kerala served the three kingdoms of Srilanka ie Kotte, Kandi and Yazhpanam kingdoms. Panikkars were converted to Buddhism and lost their individuality. Alagakonara who went from Vanchipura ie Kollam built the Colombo fort. He named it after the old name of Kollam, Kolambam. His son Vira Alakesvara of Gampola ruled Gambola near Colombo between 1387 to 1411 AD. Alagakonara family also had adopted Buddhism.
Sadasiva Panickan joined the Kotte kingdom as elephant trainer. Sadasivapanikkan married a lady from the royal family of Kotte. His son Senbahapperumal became the ruler of Kotte and Jaffna kingdoms, and adopted the royal title Bhuvanaikabahu VI of Kotte (1469 AD to 1477 AD)The migration of Villavar armies to Srilanka and their religious conversion to Buddhismfurther weakened the Villavar people of India. The Tamil soldiers from Kerala because of their peculiar hair knot on top of the head were known as Kondaikkara Thamilar.
The Tamil soldiers from Kerala because of their peculiar hairstyle were known as Kondaikkara Thamilar.
IYAKKAR STAND AFTER 1335 AD
Keralas Ezha iyakkar population did not fight the Naga invaders and they had accepted a subordinate position. Some people of Villavar origin, Villavar, Panickars and Shannar joined Ezha Iyakkar and they became their leaders. These considerably weakened Villavars and took away their ability to retaliate.
VIJAYANAGARA NAICKAR ATTACK (1377 AD)
The Vijayanagara attack under Kumara Kambanna defeated and evicted the Madurai sultanate. During the Vijayanagara period many of the Kallars were reconverted to Hinduism. But many Kallars retained many Islamic customs until the end of 20th century.
1. Circumcision Piramalaikkallar boys were practising circumcision until late 20th century with feast and celebration
2. In Kallar marriages the bridegroom does not tie the thali but his sister ties the Thali around the neck of Bride.
3. Kallar Thali bears the Crescent and star symbol.
VANATHIRAYAR
Vijayanagara Nayaks appointed Banas of Bana kingdom in the Andhrapradesh as the rulers of Madurai. Mahabali Vanathirayars pretended to be Pandyas. A bana chieftain called Thol Mahavili Vanathirayar was kept on the Pandya throne by Vijayanagar commander Vittala in the fifteenth century.A Vanathirayar had called himself Pandyakylanthaka or destroyer of the Pandiyan dynasty. Vanathirayar(Vanniar, Vanavarayar, Vanakovaraiyar) were appointed as the leaders of Nagas of Tamilnadu. Later these Vanathirayars who were the leaders of Various Naga clans became Palayakkarar under Madurai Nayak rule. Vanathirayars were ethnically related to Telugu Balija Naickars but not related to any Naga clans. These Vanathirayars used the Thevar title. The Naga, Kalabhra and Tuluva Vellalas also started using the Thevar title.
Vijayanagara Naickars by effectively making Vanathirayars as naga clan chiefs controlled the Naga clans of Tamilnadu and by using the Naga armies antagonised the Villavar dynasties.
NAGA
THE EUROPEAN COLONIAL RULERS
The rightful owners of Tamilnadu and Kerala were Villavars and the rightful owners of Karnataka and Andhrapredesh were Banas. Villavar had ruled Tamilakam from time immemorial. Villavar had built all the temples in Kerala and Tailnadu. Banar were the northern cousins of Villavars and the arch enemies of Villavars.
Malik Kafur defeated Pandyan kingdom in 1310 AD which led to the rule of Tulu Bana-Nepalese rule in Kerala(1335) and also led to Balija (Bana) Naickar rule in Tamilnadu(1377). This also led to the rise of Nepalese Nagas in Kerala and the elevation of Gangetic Basin Nagas in Tamilnadu. The suppression of Villavars and elevation of Nagas was an Arab, Delhi Sultanate and Madurai Sultanate strategy.
The European colonial rulers readily accepted the Delhi sultanate's strategy of suppression of indigenous Dravidian Villavars and elevation of Nagas. The Portuguese supported North Indian Aryan Naga migrants to and also the foreign blooded Christians in Kerala. Dutch and British followed the same strategy of Delhi Sultanate.
Most of the colonial administrators were northen migrants. Thus Nagas had a golden age for 450 years in India and Srilanka . Nagas had come to south india as slaves or refugees. Nagas had been thiefs and robbers or slave warriors by profession in south India. Most of the criminal tribes in South India were Naga clans. But with the help of Muslim invaders and Europeans the Nagas were actually ruling south India after 1335.
Portuguese supported the Tulu-Nepalese rulers of Kerala. Europeans became protectors of Nagas of Kerala replacing the Delhi sultanate and Arabs .Europeans protected Nagas in Kerala for 450 years. Nagas had retained their high position until independence with European help.
Most of the foreign sailor traders and invaders such as Arabs, Turkish sultanate of Delhi and Europeans preferred non-native Tulu-Nepalese Naga-Samantha clans to indigenous villavar tamil rulers of Kerala.
In Tamilnadu Portuguese and Dutch converted many Nagas especially Marava and Vellalars to Christianity. British who came as allies of Arcot Nawab followed the same policies of Muslim invaders such as elevation of Nagas and Suppression of Villavars.
NAGA COLLUSION WITH SULTHANS AND BRITISH
MARUTHANAYAGAM PILLAI ALIAS YUSUF KHAN
Maruthanayagam Pillai (1725 to 1764 AD) was a Vellala commandant of the British East India Company's Madras Army. He had embraced Islam and adopted the name Yusuf Khan thereby he could gain the confidence of Chanda Sahib the Arcot Nawab and Hyderabad Nizam. Yusuf Khan married a Portuguese Christian or Luso-Indian girl named Marcia or Marsha. By marrying a Christian he could convince the British that his family was christian. British appointed him Tax collector of Madurai and Thirunelveli. But when Maruthanayagam Pillai tried to betray his British masters they hanged him. British raised his son a Christian.
VELLUVAKKAMMARAN NAMBIAR ALIAS SHEIKH MUHAMMAD AYAZ KHAN
Velluvakkammaran Nambiar (1713 to 1799) was a commander of Hyder ali who converted to Islam. Ayaz Khan became an adopted son and trusted lieutenant of Hyder Ali. Ayaz Khan was made the Governor of Chitradurga.
In 1778 Ayaz Khan was appointed as the Commander of Bednur Fort. Ayaz Khan in 1782 conspired with the British and handed over the Bednur Fort to British. After the surrender he lived at Bombay as a pensioner of British
MEENA DYNASTY
The story of Meena kings who are the northern relatives of Nadars.
Meena clan might have derived their name from the Dravidian Tamil word for Fish Meen. Meena clans are part of ancient North Indian Dravidian ruler clans.
Meena clan of Rajastan are the Northern cousins of Nadars. Meena title used by the Meenas is a variation of Meenavar title used by Villavar-Nadar clans. Bhil-meena title used by Meenas is equal to Villavar-Meenavar title of Nadars.
Nadar ie Villavar in the ancient times had three subgroups called Villavar, Malayar and Vanavar. The seagoing fishing cousins of Villavar were Meenavar.
Meena is a caste mainly residing in the state of Rajasthan, India. Meena caste is considered to be one of the oldest castes of India. According to the Vedas and Puranas, Meena caste is the symbol of Matsya and Meena is the symbol of Meena tribe. While Matsya Jayanti celebrated by Meena Samaj, on the other hand, the festival of Gangaur is celebrated with great pomp all over Rajasthan on this day. The symbol of Meena caste was fish. Fish is called Matsya in Sanskrit. In ancient times kings of Meena caste had the sign of fish inscribed in the coat of arms and in the flags.
Meena clan is the numerically largest tribe in Rajasthan. They once ruled the former kingdoms Jaipur and Alwar and were essentially an agricultural community. Alwar meant rulers in Tamil.
CHANDA MEENA
In ancient times ie till 10th Century North of India was mainly ruled by clans of Chauhans. Chanda, a clan of Zamindar Meena is one of the branch from Chauhans. Chandas were ruling Khoganw, now part of Jaipur and were head of confederation of Meena kingdom. Chanda is variant of Santar. Chanda Meena meant Santar Meenavar.
Meena clans were the traditional rulers of Rajasthan until 1036 AD. Meena clan ruled Rajasthan and Gangetic area from time immemorial.
INDUS VALLEY
Meena clan could be among the oldest residents of the Indus Valley along with tne other Dravidian Bana, Villavar, Danava and Daitya clans of Indus Valley.
The emblem of the Jethwa dynasty of western Kathiawar of Gujarat is still in the form of fish. Jethwa people are considered to be of the Mer (Mahar, Rawat) community. Jethwa was a dynastic branch of the Meron clan. The Meron clan were a member of the Meena community.
Mer or dwellers of Hill is identical with Malayar subgroup of Villavars.
MAHABHARATHA
In Mahabharatham Pandava and Draupathy lived in annonimity for one year in the palace of King Virata. King Virata was the Meena king who ruled over Matsya kingdom. Matsya was the Sanskrtised form of Meena clan.
JAGA'S RECORDS
According to the records maintained by Jagas of Rajasthan for Chanda clan, reveals past history about Chanda clan and Kingdoms. As per Jagas, Chanda Meenas are Agnivanshis and a sub clan of Chauhans.
Banas were the Northern cousins of Villavar who belonged to Fire dynasty. Intermixture of Banas with Scythians and Hunas created Rajput clans. Thus Chauhan title of Bana-Meenas were used by Rajputra also. Chauhan is a variant of Chanar.
BHIL-MEENA
Meena rulers built Amer fort which is near modern Jaipur. Villavar Meenavar are known as Bana-Bhil meena in northern India. Bhilmeenas ruled Rajasthan in the middle ages. The Royal title of Meena kings was Chaanda Meena ie Chantrar Meena.
AMER
Meena dynasty had many subclans. Jhotwara are named after Jhota Meena rulers . Geta Meena were the umbrella of Jaipur rulers. Amer was founded by Meena Raja Alansi. There is evidence of the settlement of Amer in 967 AD as well.
MEENA DYNASTY
TURKISH ATTACK
Meenas were settled in the Sunam town of present Hanumangarh.
Sultan Mohammad Tughlaq destroyed the rebellious Jat and Meenas' organization 'Mandal' of Sunam and Samana and he took the rebel chiefs to Delhi and converted them to Islam.
MUGHAL ATTACK
The Kachwaha Rajput ruler Bharmal of Amber always attacked Nahan Meena kingdom, but Bharmal could not succeed against Bada Meena. Akbar had asked Rao Bada Meena to marry his daughter to him but refused. Later Bharmal married his daughter Jodha to Akbar. Then the combined army of Akbar and Bharmal launched a big attack and destroyed the Meena kingdom. The treasury of the Meenas was shared between Akbar and Bharmal. Bharmal kept the treasure in Jaigarh Fort near Amber.
Until 1727AD the former meena capital Amer remained as capital of Kachwaha Rajputs. Jai Singh II settled in the city of Jaipur in 1727 AD and made his capital in the new city.
In 1727 AD that the capital of Rajastan was shifted to newly built city Jaipur city which was 14 km away from Amer.
FALL OF MEENA CLAN
There is a clear mention of Matsya Janapada in ancient texts, whose capital was Virat Nagar, which is now Jaipur Vairath. This Mastya territory included the area around Alwar, Bharatpur and Jaipur. Even today the Meena people live in large numbers in this area.
According to the trubal history called bhatas or jaga of Meena caste, there are 12 pals, 32 tads and 5248 gotras in the Meena caste.
Meena Samaj also resides in about 23 districts of Madhya Pradesh.
Originally the Meenas were a ruling caste, and were the rulers of the Matsyas, i.e., Rajasthan or the Matsya confederacy. But their decline began with assimilation with the Scythians.
The Meena kings were the early rulers of major parts of Rajasthan including Amber in Jaipur.
In the book 'Culture and Unity of Indian Castes' by "R.S. Mann" it is said that Meenas are considered as a Kshatriya caste similar to Rajputs but have been mentioned in history very little.
In ancient times Rajasthan was ruled by the kings of Meena dynasty. Meena kingdom was called the fish state. The kingdom of Matsya in Sanskrit was mentioned in the Rigveda. Later the Bhils and Meenas mixed with foreigners who had come from Sindh, Hepthalites or other Central Asian factions.
Meena mainly worshiped Lord Pisces and Shiva. The Meenas have had better rights for women than many other Hindu castes. Remarriage of widows and divorcees is a common practice and is well accepted in Meena society. Such practices are part of the Vedic civilization.
During the years of invasion by Turks, and the result of severe famine in 1868, many brigand groups were formed under the stress of destruction. As a result, hungry families were forced to steal and eat cattle to to deviate from their traditions.
British government branded Meena clans into a "criminal caste". This action was a decision taken to support of British alliance with the Rajput kingdom in Rajasthan. Meena tribes were still at war with the Rajputs, indulging in guerilla attacks to capture their lost kingdoms.
From the Mughal records of medieval period to the records of British Raj, the Meenas have been described as violent, plundering criminals and an anti-social ethnic tribal group.
மீனா வம்சம்
துருக்கிய தாக்குதல்
மீனாக்கள் தற்போதைய ஹனுமான்கரின் சுனம் நகரில் குடியேறினர்.
சுல்தான் முகமது பின் துக்ளக், சுனம் மற்றும் சமனாவின் கலகக்கார ஜாட் மற்றும் மீனாக்களின் 'மண்டல்' அமைப்பை அழித்தார், மேலும் அவர் கிளர்ச்சித் தலைவர்களை டெல்லிக்கு அழைத்துச் சென்று இஸ்லாமியர்களாக மதம் மாற்றினார்.
முகலாய தாக்குதல்
அம்பரின் கச்வாஹா ராஜ்புத் ஆட்சியாளர் பர்மால் எப்போதும் நஹான் மீனா ராஜ்யத்தைத் தாக்கிக்கொண்டிருந்தார், ஆனால் படா மீனாவுக்கு எதிராக பார்மால் வெற்றிபெற முடியவில்லை. அக்பர் ராவ் படா மீனாவை அவருடைய மகளை தனக்கு திருமணம் செய்து வைக்குமாறு கேட்டுக் கொண்டார் ஆனால் படா(பெரிய) மீனா மறுத்துவிட்டார். பின்னர் பார்மால் தனது மகள் ஜோதாவை அக்பருக்கு திருமணம் செய்து வைத்தார். பின்னர் அக்பர் மற்றும் பார்மாலின் கூட்டு இராணுவம் ஒரு பெரிய தாக்குதலை நடத்தி மீனா ராஜ்யத்தை அழித்தது. மீனாக்களின் கருவூலம் அக்பருக்கும் பார்மாலுக்கும் பகிர்ந்து கொடுக்கப்பட்டது. பார்மல் அம்பர் அருகே உள்ள ஜெய்கர் கோட்டையில் அந்த பொக்கிஷத்தை வைத்திருந்தார்.
ஜெய்ப்பூர்
கிபி 1727 வரை முன்னாள் மீனா தலைநகர் ஆமர் கச்வாஹா ராஜபுத்திரர்களின் தலைநகராக இருந்தது. ஜெய் சிங் II கிபி 1727 இல் ஜெய்ப்பூர் நகரில் குடியேறினார் மற்றும் புதிய நகரத்தில் தனது தலைநகரை உருவாக்கினார்.
அதன் பிறகு ராஜஸ்தானின் தலைநகரம் ஆமரில் இருந்து 14 கிமீ தொலைவில் புதிதாக கட்டப்பட்ட ஜெய்ப்பூர் நகரத்திற்கு மாற்றப்பட்டது.
மீனா வம்சத்தின் வீழ்ச்சி
பண்டைய நூல்களில் மத்ஸ்ய ஜனபதத்தைப் பற்றிய தெளிவான குறிப்பு உள்ளது, அதன் தலைநகரம் விராட் நகர், அது இப்போது ஜெய்ப்பூரில் உள்ள வைரத் ஆகும். இந்த மஸ்த்யா பிரதேசத்தில் ஆள்வார், பரத்பூர் மற்றும் ஜெய்ப்பூர் ஆகிய பகுதிகள் அடங்கும். இன்றும் இந்தப் பகுதியில் மீனா இன மக்கள் அதிகளவில் வாழ்கின்றனர்.
மீனா சாதியின் பதா அல்லது ஜகா எனப்படும் பழங்குடி வரலாற்றின் படி, மீனா சாதியில் 12 பால்கள், 32 தாட்கள் மற்றும் 5248 கோத்திரங்கள் இருந்தன.
மீனா சமாஜ் மத்தியப் பிரதேசத்தின் சுமார் 23 மாவட்டங்களிலும் வசிக்கிறது.
முதலில் மீனாக்கள் ஒரு ஆளும் சாதியாக இருந்தனர், மேலும் மத்ஸ்யாக்களின் ஆட்சியாளர்களாக இருந்தனர், அதாவது ராஜஸ்தான் அல்லது மத்ஸ்ய கூட்டமைப்பு. ஆனால் அவர்களின் சரிவு சித்தியர்களுடன் ஒருங்கிணைப்பதில் தொடங்கியது.
ஜெய்ப்பூரில் உள்ள ஆம்பர் உட்பட ராஜஸ்தானின் முக்கிய பகுதிகளின் ஆரம்பகால ஆட்சியாளர்களாக மீனா மன்னர்கள் இருந்தனர்.
"ஆர்.எஸ். மான்" எழுதிய 'கலாச்சாரம் மற்றும் இந்திய சாதிகளின் ஒற்றுமை' என்ற புத்தகத்தில், மீனாக்கள் ராஜபுத்திரர்களைப் போலவே க்ஷத்திரிய சாதியாகக் கருதப்படுகிறார்கள், ஆனால் வரலாற்றில் மிகக் குறைவாகவே குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ளனர்.
பழங்காலத்தில் ராஜஸ்தான் மீனா வம்ச மன்னர்களால் ஆளப்பட்டது. மீனா ராஜ்ஜியம் மீன் மாநிலம் என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டது. சமஸ்கிருதத்தில் மத்ஸ்ய ராஜ்ஜியம் ரிக்வேதத்தில் குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ளது. பின்னர் பில் மற்றும் மீனாக்கள் சிந்து, ஹெப்தாலைட்டுகள் அல்லது பிற மத்திய ஆசிய படையெடுப்பாளர்களிலிருந்து வந்த வெளிநாட்டினருடன் கலந்தனர்.
மீனா முக்கியமாக மீனம் மற்றும் சிவனை வழிபட்டார்கள். பல இந்து சாதிகளை விட மீனாக்கள் பெண்களுக்கு சிறந்த உரிமைகளைப் பெற்றுள்ளனர். விதவைகள் மற்றும் விவாகரத்து பெற்றவர்களின் மறுமணம் ஒரு பொதுவான நடைமுறை மற்றும் மீனா சமூகத்தில் நன்கு ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்பட்டது. இத்தகைய நடைமுறைகள் வேத நாகரிகத்தின் ஒரு பகுதியாகும்.
துருக்கியர்களின் படையெடுப்பின் ஆண்டுகளில், மற்றும் 1868 இல் கடுமையான பஞ்சத்தின் விளைவாக, அழிவின் அழுத்தத்தின் கீழ் பல கொள்ளைக் குழுக்கள் உருவாக்கப்பட்டன. இதன் விளைவாக, பசியால் வாடும் குடும்பங்கள் தங்கள் பாரம்பரியத்திலிருந்து விலகி கால்நடைகளைத் திருடி உண்ணும் நிலைக்குத் தள்ளப்பட்டனர்.
ஆங்கிலேய அரசு மீனா குலங்களை "குற்றப்பரம்பரை " என்று முத்திரை குத்தியது. இந்த நடவடிக்கை ராஜஸ்தானில் உள்ள ராஜபுத்திர ராஜ்யத்துடன் உண்டாய ஆங்கிலேய கூட்டணியை ஆதரிப்பதற்காக எடுக்கப்பட்ட முடிவு. மீனா பழங்குடியினர் இன்னும் ராஜபுத்திரர்களுடன் போரிட்டுக் கொண்டிருந்தனர், அவர்கள் இழந்த ராஜ்யங்களைக் கைப்பற்றுவதற்காக கொரில்லா தாக்குதல்களில் ஈடுபட்டனர்.
இடைக்காலத்தின் முகலாய பதிவுகள் முதல் பிரிட்டிஷ் ராஜ்ஜின் பதிவுகள் வரை, மீனாக்கள் வன்முறையாளர்கள், கொள்ளையடிக்கும் குற்றவாளிகள் மற்றும் சமூக விரோத இன பழங்குடியின குழுவாக விவரிக்கப்படுகிறார்கள்.
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